Americas Roadside Architecture of the 1950s

Americas Roadside Architecture of the 1950s Googie and Tiki are examples of a Roadside Architecture, a type of structure that evolved as American business and the middle class expanded. Particularly after World War II, travel by car became part of the American culture, and a reactive, playful architecture developed that captured Americas imagination. Googie describes a futuristic, often flashy, Space Age building style in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s. Often used for restaurants, motels, bowling alleys, and assorted roadside businesses, Googie architecture was designed to attract customers. Well-known Googie examples include the 1961 LAX Theme Building at the Los Angeles International Airport and the Space Needle in Seattle, Washington, which was built for the 1962 Worlds Fair. Tiki architecture is a fanciful design that incorporates Polynesian themes. The word tiki refers to large wood and stone sculptures and carvings found in the Polynesian islands. Tiki buildings are often decorated with imitation tiki and other romanticized details borrowed from the South Seas. One example of Tiki architecture is the Royal Hawaiin Estates in Palm Springs, California. Googie Features and Characteristics Reflecting high-tech space-age ideas, the Googie style grew out of the Streamline Moderne, or Art Moderne, the architecture of the 1930s. As in Streamline Moderne architecture, Googie buildings are made with glass and steel. However, Googie buildings are deliberately flashy, often with lights that would blink and point. Typical Googie details include: Flashing lights and neon signsBoomerang and palette shapesStarburst shapesAtom motifsFlying saucer shapesSharp angles and trapezoid shapesZig-zag roof lines Tiki Architecture Has Many of These Features Tikis and carved beamsLava rockImitation bamboo detailsShells and coconuts used as ornamentsReal and imitation palm treesImitation thatch roofsA-frame shapes and extremely steep peaked roofsWaterfallsFlashy signs and other Googie details Why Googie? Googie should not be confused with the Internet search engine Google. Googie has its roots in the mid-century modern architecture of southern California, an area rich with technology companies.  The Malin Residence or Chemosphere House designed by architect John Lautner in 1960 is a Los Angeles residence that bends mid-century modern stylings into Googie. This spaceship-centirc architecture was a reaction to the nuclear arms and space races after World War II. The word Googie comes from Googies, a Los Angeles coffee shop also designed by Lautner. However, Googie ideas can be found on commercial buildings in other parts of the country, most noticeably in the Doo Wop architecture of Wildwood, New Jersey. Other names for Googie include Coffee House ModernDoo WopPopuluxeSpace AgeLeisure Architecture Why Tiki? The word tiki should not be confused with tacky, although some have said that tiki is tacky! When soldiers returned to the United States after World War II, they brought home stories about life in the South Seas. The best-selling books Kon-Tiki by Thor Heyerdahl and Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener heightened interest in all things tropical. Hotels and restaurants incorporated Polynesian themes to suggest an aura of romance. Polynesian-themed, or tiki, buildings proliferated in California and then throughout the United States. The Polynesia fad, also known as Polynesian Pop, reached its height in about 1959 when Hawaii became part of the United States. By then, commercial tiki architecture had taken on a variety of flashy Googie details. Also, some mainstream architects were incorporating abstract tiki shapes into the streamlined modernist design. Roadside Architecture After President Eisenhower signed the Federal Highway Act in 1956, the building of the Interstate Highway System encouraged more and more Americans to spend time in their cars, traveling from state to state. The 20th century is filled with examples of roadside eye candy created to attract the mobile American to stop and buy. The Coffee Pot Restaurant from 1927 is an example of mimetic architecture. The Muffler Man seen in the opening credits is an iconic representation of roadside marketing still seen today. Googie and Tiki architecture is well-known in southern California and associated with these architects: Paul Williams, designer of thousands of mid-century modern homes in southern California, may be best known for the LAX Theme Building, shown on this page bathed in Walt Disney colored lightingJohn LautnerDonald Wexler, designer of many mid-century modern homes in Palm Springs, California, is known for designing the Royal Hawaiin Estates in the early 1960sEldon DavisMartin Stern, Jr.Wayne McAllister Sources LAX Theme Building designed by Paul Williams, Los Angeles airport photo by Tom Szczerbowski / Getty Images Sport / Getty Images (cropped)The Royal Hawaiian Estates, Palm Springs, California, photo  © Daniel Chavkin, courtesy Royal Hawaiian EstatesThe Malin Residence or Chemosphere House Designed by John Lautner, 1960, photo by ANDREW HOLBROOKE / Corbis Entertainment / Getty Images

The Freedom of Information Act

The Freedom of Information Act Prior to the enactment of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) in 1966, any person seeking non-public information from a U.S. federal  government agency had to first prove they had a legal need to know in order to view related government records. James Madison would not have liked that. A popular Government without popular information or the means of acquiring it, is but a Prologue to a Farce or a Tragedy or perhaps both. Knowledge will forever govern ignorance, and a people who mean to be their own Governors, must arm themselves with the power knowledge gives. James Madison Under the FOIA, the American people are assumed to have a right to know about their government and the government is required to prove a compelling reason in order to keep information secret. In other words, the FOIA establishes the presumption that records of the U.S. Government must be made accessible to the people. Also note that most state and local governments have adopted laws similar in intent and function to the FOIA.As soon as he took office in January 2009, President Obama issued an executive order directing the government agencies to approach FOIA requests with a presumption in favor of disclosure.The Government should not keep information confidential merely because public officials might be embarrassed by disclosure  because errors and failures might be revealed, or because of speculative or abstract fears, wrote Obama, stating that his administration would be dedicated to an unprecedented level of openness in Government.This guide is a simple explanation of how to use the FOIA to request information from the U.S. government agencies. But, please be aware that the FOIA and litigation involved with it can become extremely complex. Thousands of court decisions have been made regarding the FOIA and anyone requiring more detailed information about the FOIA should contact an attorney with experience in governmental affairs. Before Requesting Information Under the FOIA Look for it on the Internet. An incredible amount of information is now available on thousands of government websites, with volumes more being added every day. So before going to all the trouble of writing and sending an FOIA request, just log on visit the agencys website or run some searches. What Agencies are Covered by the FOIA? The FOIA applies to documents in the possession of executive branch agencies including: Cabinet agenciesMilitary branchesGovernment corporationsIndependent regulatory agenciesOther executive branch offices commissions The FOIA does NOT apply to: Any elected official of the US GovernmentOfficers of the federal Judicial Branch Private citizensPrivate companies or associationsGovernment contractors Government grant holdersState or local governments (most state and local governments have laws similar to the FOIA) While elected officials are exempt all daily actions of the United States Congress are published in the Congressional Record. In addition most state and many local governments have adopted laws similar to the FOIA What May and May Not be Requested Under the FOIA? You may, by mail, request and receive copies of any records in the possession of an agency except those covered by the following nine exemptions: Classified defense and foreign policy informationInformation prohibited from disclosure under other lawsInternal agency rules and practicesTrade secrets and confidential business practicesInter or intra-agency communications protected under lawInformation involving matters of personal privacyCertain information regarding law enforcementInformation on supervision of financial institutionsGeological information on wells In addition, especially sensitive information concerning law enforcement and national security issues may occasionally be withheld.Agencies are free to (and sometimes do) disclose information even though the records are exempted under the provisions above.Agencies may also disclose only parts of information while withholding exempted sections. Withheld sections will be blacked out and are referred to as redacted sections. How to Request FOIA Information FOIA requests must be sent by mail directly to the agency that has the records you want. There is no single government office or agency assigned to handle or route FOIA requests.While a few individual agencies currently provide for online FOIA request submittal, requests to most agencies must still be submitted via standard mail or email. Online FOIA requests to the agencies that currently accept them can be submitted on the FOIAonline.gov website. Addresses for submitting FOIA requests to all federal agencies can be found on the FOIA.gov website.Each agency has one or more official FOIA contact offices to which requests should be addressed. Larger agencies have separate FOIA offices for each bureau and some have FOIA offices in each region of the country.Contact information for the FOIA offices of just about all agencies can now be found on their website.The U.S. Government Manual is also useful for determining which agency has the records you want. It is available at most public an d university libraries and can also be searched online. What Your FOIA Request Letter Should Say FOIA information requests should be made in a letter mailed to the FOIA Officer of the agency. If you cant determine exactly which agency has what you want, send a request to each potential agency.You should also mark both the letter and the outside of the envelope, Freedom of Information Act Request to speed its handling by the agency.It is vital that you identify in the letter the information or records you want as clearly and specifically as possible. Include any facts, names, authors, dates, times, events, locations etc. you think might help the agency find your records. If you know the exact title or name of the records you want, be sure to include it.While it is not required, you can state why you want the records.Even if you think the records you want may be exempted from the FOIA or otherwise classified, you can and should still make the request. Agencies have the authority to disclose any exempted material at their discretion and are encouraged to do so. Sample FOIA Request Letter DateFreedom of Information Act RequestAgency FOIA OfficerAgency or Component NameStreet AddressDear ________:Under the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. subsection 552, I am requesting access to [identify the records you want in complete detail].If there are any fees for searching or copying these records, please inform me before filling my request. [Or, Please send me the records without informing me of the cost unless the fees exceed $______, which I agree to pay.]If you deny any or all of this request, please cite each specific exemption you feel justifies the refusal to release the information and notify me of appeal procedures available to me under the law.[Optionally: If you have any questions about this request, you may contact me by telephone at ______ (home phone) or _______ (office phone).]Sincerely,NameAddress What Does the FOIA Process Cost? There is no initial fee required to submit an FOIA request, but the law does provide for the charging of certain types of fees in some instances. For a typical requester the agency can charge for the time it takes to search for records and for duplication of those records. There is usually no charge for the first two hours of search time or for the first 100 pages of duplication. You may always include in your request letter a specific statement limiting the amount that you are willing to pay in fees. If an agency estimates that the total fees for processing your request will exceed $25, it will notify you in writing of the estimate and offer you an opportunity to narrow your request in order to reduce the fees. If you agree to pay fees for a records search, you may be required to pay such fees even if the search does not locate any releasable records. You May Request that Fees Be Waived You may request a waiver of fees. Under the FOIA, fee waivers are limited to situations in which a requester can show that the disclosure of the requested information is in the public interest because it is likely to contribute significantly to public understanding of the operations and activities of the government and is not primarily in the commercial interest of the requester. Requests for fee waivers from individuals who are seeking records on themselves usually do not meet this standard. In addition, a requesters inability to pay fees is not a legal basis for granting a fee waiver. How Long Does the FOIA Process Take? By law, agencies must respond to FOIA requests within 10 working days of receipt. Agencies may extend this time if necessary, but they must send written notice of the extension to the requester. What if Your FOIA Request is Denied? Sometimes, the agency simply does not have or cannot locate the requested records. But if the records are found, only the information or parts of information exempted from disclosure can be withheld. If the agency finds and withholds any or all of the information, the agency must notify the requester of the reason and inform them of the appeals process. Appeals should be sent to the agency in writing within 45 days.The websites of most federal agencies include pages fully explaining the agencys specific FOIA process instructions including contact information, records available, fees, and appeals process.

Australian national cinema is primarily government-supported, with Essay

Australian national cinema is primarily government-supported, with limited infrastructure and with a small population. Discuss k - Essay Example This inconsistency is evident from the box office results which showed that since 1995, the local box offices taken by homegrown has rarely gone beyond five percent. Ginnane (2009) suggests that the key to a successful film industry and ample percentage of the Australian box office (minimum of 10%) is the number of titles totaling to more than five million dollars box office every year. To attain this, it is fundamental for domestic filmmakers to uphold a trend of stable growth to bring about some measure of economic self sufficiency in the domestic film industry. Various issues are associated with developing, supporting and sustaining a national film industry. This essay will focus on these issues in the context of the Australian film industry. In order to develop a large scale national film production, a country needs to secure a secure domestic distribution base that has well developed exhibition circuits. Litwak (2003) suggested that the major impediment facing most filmmakers is how to secure distribution for their motion pictures. Without a secure distribution, the likelihood of a profitable return on investment in film production is nonexistent. O’Reagan (1996) argued that Australian cinema needs to interest different agents such as cinema marketers, producers and critics so as to translate the purposes and ends of the Australian films. Distributing films is one of the challenges that most filmmakers face once a film has been completed. Finding an audience locally and internationally can be resolved by a secure distribution. The objectives of the federal regulatory and financial support in Australia have always been strengthened by a cultural as well as a commercial mandate. Cones (2010) points out that in case a film successfully acquires a distributor, the producers makes every efforst to cooperate with the distributor to come up with the most favorable release pattern in all pertinent constraints. The scope of distribution progressively expands , adding theaters and cities to meet demand as the film meets is audience base. This means that a country needs to secure a domestic distribution base for developing, supporting and sustaining a national film industry. The second most important aspect in developing, supporting and sustaining a national film industry is to understand people viewing habits, the kind of movies that they want to view. The Marketing Branch of the Australian Film Commission (1999) highlighted that it did not find as much support for alternative films or specialist as it did few years ago. According to the commission, the younger generation who were used to start off being involved with those alternative films at the university level no longer frequented foreign movies any longer and they also preferred the bigger films. A survey conducted by Roy Morgan Research (2010) on Australian films, documentaries and fictional television revealed that fiction television viewership is driven by strong existing person al preferences and passive factors showing dependable repeat viewership. Most of the Australians experienced high levels of satisfaction with the Australian screen content nonetheless they did not enjoy screen content because of aspects related with badly written and unbelievable writing and also slow, boring and non entertainment across documentary formats, feature films and television fiction. O’ Reagan (1996) argued that Australian cinema- like those of other countries- is more effectively understood as a set of processes rather than as a fundamental

Negotiations - Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Negotiations - Case Study - Essay Example Lack of management skills makes the firm not to be at par with advances in technology (Hastings, 2009). Technical support makes it possible for the business to be aware of modern technologies. With this can be able to understand the operations of the industry resulting to familiarity with clients. Therefore the industry can provide reliable services and appropriate solutions to the client problems. Lieutenant observed that the company suffered from insufficient training because of one stenographer who was in charge of five semi-skilled workers. This is due to ineffective management of the company. The firm is the only one producing the special machine but has very complex production processes that have made the employees to be resistant to new innovations (Vanden & Consulting, 2008). These employees basically resist new training because top managers have not been fully trained. Ineffective management also results in high expenses as a result of ignorance over security measures. Contingency are the allowances that help the management in addressing risks within the firm. The contingency allowance ensures that managers are able to account for all the errors and omissions made in the firm. Lieutenant Early should ensure that all the company operations and activities are performed perfectly. This calls for changes in the operations of the company (Hastings, 2009). This will reduce the amount of money paid as contingency allowance because there will be an improvement in the efficiency of organizational processes. The changes will also ensure that the organization is able to address risks accordingly. The entire unknown amount should be paid for in order to reduce the contingency allowance. This makes the payment to be in time hence reducing the accumulation amount. The Trustworthy equipment company should be principled enough to pay for all the known and unknown expenses. This eases the future budget of the firm making a similar contingence allowances (Steams,

American law enforcement organizations Term Paper

American law enforcement organizations - Term Paper Example Objectives together constitute the main aim of this research. All objectives need to be studied in detail in order to fulfill the aim of this study and to answer the research question. Research design will elaborate on all the methods that have been used during the course of this research. Each objective requires a slightly different research approach and thus for each objective research methods have been used accordingly. Â   Â  There are two main methods of research, primary and secondary. Generally for the research purpose researchers’ start with the secondary data which has been already collected by someone else for some other research purpose. Such data can be used again and again for different research purposes. In this case, research has been conducted mainly using the secondary data. The sources of secondary data that have been used throughout the research include internet articles, reports, books, journals and the official websites of different law enforcement organ izations. Secondary data has an advantage over the primary data collection. Primary data is collected for the first time and may contain some loopholes. In the case of secondary data collection, data has already been collected by another entity and has been used for different research purposes. This provides with a satisfaction that the data available is authentic as it is used by various people for the research purpose. Another advantage of the secondary data is the time restraint. The time period for this research.... Local or state police, federal agencies, national police force, commerce bureaus, trade agencies and criminal justice organizations are some of the law enforcement agencies that form the hub of the state’s disciplinary activities. Law enforcement organizations are like departments and need to be well managed. Poor management of these departments results in poor law enforcement and inefficiency. The world is changing every day and is creating more and more challenges. Law enforcement agencies need to cope with these challenges by remaining up to date with the managerial procedural innovations so that they do not lack on their efficiency. The study focuses on these innovations and how they help in improving the efficiency of the law enforcement organizations. The study will not just discuss about the challenges faced by the law enforcement agencies, but will also ponder over the structural features of these organizations and what causes the law enforcement agencies to fail. The managerial aspect of these agencies will be the main focus. 2. Research Question Are federal law enforcement agencies better than the national law enforcement agencies when it comes to efficiency and meeting the 21st century challenges? 3. Aim and Objectives 2.1Aim The aim of this study is to find out the three most important ways through which the law enforcement organizations can improve on their efficiency. 2.2Objectives 1) The first and foremost objective of this research is to find out the main role of the law enforcement organizations in dealing with the daily affairs of any country. 2) The second objective is to study the challenges faced by these law enforcement organizations in the 21st Century and how do these law enforcement organizations

The Principle Of Triple Appeal Media Essay

The Principle Of Triple Appeal Media Essay In the yesteryears, the area of advertising has rarely been studied within the psychological context of psychodynamics. The principle of Triple Appeal has never been researched as a complete factor influencing the effectiveness of advertisement. The Triple Appeal Principle evoked from the Freudian Theory or Psychoanalytic Theory which states that the behavior of Homo sapiens is influenced by their Psyche (ID, Ego and Superego) which is present in the preconscious and unconscious state of mind. The human psyche is also known as the Triple Appeal. The Psychoanalytic Theory states that the preconscious and unconscious needs or drives are at the heart of human motivation and personality. Triple appeal appeals to the Id, but also include a disguised appeal to the superego, which comes out in a condition the ego can resolve. Advertising effectiveness relates to how well a brands advertising achieves the intended. Companies use many different statistics to measure their advertising effectiveness. These measurements can be used for all types of advertising, including television, radio, print, direct mail, Internet and outdoor advertising. An advertisement of a brand is considered effective when the consumers are influenced to buy the product after getting exposed to the advertisement. A companys advertising effectiveness usually increases over time with many messages or exposures. 1.2. Problem statement: This research studies the impact of triple appeal (Id, Ego, and Superego) on advertising effectiveness. The research will focus on advertisements which have triple appeal content in them and relate their effect on consumer behavior. 1.3. Hypotheses: There is a relationship between triple appeal and advertising effectiveness. 1.4. Outline of the study: The paper is organized in five sections. The first section is the introduction of the research. It provides the overview of the study and the hypotheses which are to be tested for the research. The second section presents the literature review. The third section tells about the research methods used in the study. The fourth section provides the results and outcomes of the research. And finally, the fifth section provides discussions, implications and conclusion of the research. The purpose of the research was to analyze whether Freuds psychoanalytic theory (Triple Appeal) applied in advertisements, leave an impact on consumers or not. 1.5. Definitions: The independent variable studied in this research is Triple Appeal. Triple Appeal consists of three interacting forces: Id, Ego and Superego. These forces are explicated below. 1.5.1. Triple Appeal (Freudian Theory) Triple Appeal is a theory of motivation and personality that postulates that unconscious needs and drives (particularly sexual and other biological drives) are the basis of human motivation and personality. Sigmund Freuds psychoanalytic theory of personality is the cornerstone of modern psychology. This theory was built on the ground that unconscious needs, especially sexual and other biological drives, are at the core of human motivation and personality. Freud constructed this theory on the basis of patients recollections of early childhood experiences, analysis of their dreams, and the specific nature of their mental and physical adjustment problems. 1.5.2. Triple Appeal Advertisements: Triple Appeal advertisements contain contents which stimulate the drives of sex, hunger and thirst which is Id. Such advertisements also contain superego which is disguised. The conflict of Id and Superego is shown to be balanced by the Ego. Usually a sensual and sexy model is used in the advertisement to trigger the Id appeal. Tempting food shots and eating demeanors are portrayed to stimulate the three appeals. 1.5.3. Id, Ego Superego: Based on his analysis, Freud proposed that the human personality consists of three interacting systems: the id, the superego and the ego. The id was conceptualized as a warehouse of primitive and impulsive drives basic physiological needs such as thirst, hunger and sex for which the individual seeks immediate satisfaction without concern for the specific means of satisfaction. In contrast to the id, the superego is conceptualized as the individuals internal expression of societys moral and ethical codes of conduct. The superegos role is to see that the individual satisfies needs in a socially acceptable fashion. Thus, the superego is a kind of brake that restrains or inhibits the impulsive forces of the Id. Finally, the ego is the individuals conscious control. It functions as an internal monitor that attempts to balance the impulsive demands of the Id and the sociocultural constraints of the superego. 1.5.4 ID It is the initial state of mind in a humans personality. The other states are developed later. The unconscious mind (ID) contains two biological instincts: Eros and Thanatos. Eros means life instinct, sex drive and libido (primitive urges for sex) and Thanatos is the aggressive drive and death instinct (Ehrenzwei, 1965; Mcleod, 2009).Our unconscious mind has all the repressed information and desires which are either disturbing or unethical. This information is so significant and powerful that it is kept suppressed in the unconscious mind. This information exerts a significant influence. According to Freud, the impulses of the subconscious and unconscious reveal themselves in several ways (such as in dreams). ID has been a source of considerable frustration because it has been tested alone by researchers, and it defied objective description as it is extremely difficult to objectively test or measure the influence of unconscious mind (Mcleod, 2009). The ID seeks immediate gratification, which happens when we experience pleasure. ID is also called the Pleasure Principle which demands instant satisfaction, nevertheless of the consequences. (Grey, 1980; Mcleod, 2008).In 1993, Chaudhri researched to see whether or not pleasure principle is the primary source of motivation in choosing product and brand. Two dimensions (Hedonic and Analytic) of products were compared to gauge the impact of pleasure principle. 1.5.5. Ego According to Freud, ID is the horse and Ego is its rider. Ego controls the unrealistic demands of ID and acts in accordance with the appropriateness of the external world (Mcleod, 2008). Ego operates on the Reality Principle. Ego and Superego are parts of the Conscious, Preconscious, and unconscious states of the mind. Ego operates rationally and devises realistic stratagems to obtain pleasure. ID shows Ego the right direction to seek satisfaction which is not harmful to itself or the ID (Mcleod, 2008; Rook, 1987). Rook (1987) stated that if high impulsions of ID are not repressed, then it leads to severe psychosocial problems. Anticipated pleasurable experiences are difficult to resist, because they are brought about by the impulses of ID. The Ego pursues long-term and goal-oriented gratification, which encourages ID to control its impulses. 1.5.6. Superego Superego is the conscience which is the part of the unconscious mind. Superego is a force that defends people from uncontrolled behaviour by giving them an internalization of all environmental inhibitions, particularly those of the parents. It fills a person with guilt when they deviate from the moral standards and values of the society. Its a kind of parent, formed of response developments to unconscious sexual wishes; obeying it results in the secondary egotism of pride, a belief of being loved by a parent figure, and violating it creates guilt. 1.5.7. Advertising Effectiveness CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ID In 1992, Moore stated that subliminal stimulation triggers the unconscious mind and activates the instincts of ID. Penn (2008) researched in neuroscience and stated that unconscious and conscious thoughts are influenced by our emotions and physical responses. He also argued that we cannot measure engagement in brands and ads unless we get to know the unconscious response because it occurs below the conscious level. Many techniques and procedures have been delved to find out the rationale behind the factors that influence the operations of ID (Penn, 2008). TamaÃ…Å ¸ and DumitraÃ…Å ¸cu (2009) explored the Eros aspect in advertisements, which uses sexual arousal in order to access the unconscious mind of humans to convey their messages. This sexual influence changes the attitude of a person. The information buried in the ID surfaces transfers to the conscious mind, which acts upon the decision taken by the ID. During thirst, the ID instantly decides the drink the person should take, depending on the messages imbued earlier from the advertisements. No logic is used, as the ID is incapable of this. All this helps to shape up the attitudes of consumers as well as their thoughts and actions (TamaÃ…Å ¸ DumitraÃ…Å ¸cu, 2009). According to Freud, ID is the horse and Ego is its rider. Ego controls the unrealistic demands of ID and acts in accordance with the appropriateness of the external world (Mcleod, 2008). Ego operates on the Reality Principle. Ego and Superego are parts of the Conscious, Preconscious, and unconscious states of the mind. Ego operates rationally and devises realistic stratagems to obtain pleasure. ID shows Ego the right direction to seek satisfaction which is not harmful to itself or the ID (Mcleod, 2008; Rook, 1987). Rook (1987) stated that if high impulsions of ID are not repressed, then it leads to severe psychosocial problems. Anticipated pleasurable experiences are difficult to resist, because they are brought about by the impulses of ID. The Ego pursues long-term and goal-oriented gratification, which encourages ID to control its impulses. Freud stated that ego, super-ego, and id contribute to the perception of vivid imagery. This activity relates to a weakened ego. He stated that, if a person has a weak ego, he/she is likely to represses a particular behavior which in turn results in vivid imagery (Bergan, 1965). By contrast, the experiential view emphasizes the importance of primary process thinking in accord with the pleasure principle. Primary process thinking involves a task definition oriented toward hedonic response and is primary in the sense that it hearkens back to the way a baby pursues immediate pleasure or gratification. This type of consumption seeks fun, amusement, fantasy, arousal, sensory stimulation, and enjoyment. Indeed, the evidence suggests that consumers typically spend the majority of their lives eating, sleeping, chatting with friends, making love and watching television. Surely, any meaningful attempt to model such relatively pleasure-oriented consumption must pay attention to its hedonic components. Few consumer researchers have followed this lead, although the study of product usage and related activities is clearly a requisite cornerstone to the development of the experiential model. The importance of such study is reinforced by the emphasis on entertainment arts, and leisure-related offerings, which often depend more on the allocation of time than money. Given the operation of the pleasure principle in multisensory gratification, exciting fantasies, and cathected emotions, ones purchase decision is obviously only a small component in the constellation of events involved in the overall consumption experience. Holbrook Hirschman, 1982 Chaudhuri (1993) made a case for ID the pleasure principle as the prime source of inspiration in the choice of product and brand. The study attempted to reproduce the findings of the FCB grid by categorizing seventy six products using diverse dimensions hedonic and analytic value, which were operationalized as the degree of pleasure and the amount of apparent differences between brands. In the speculation of psycho-analysis there is no hesitation in assuming that the course taken by mental is invariably set in motion by an unpleasurable stress, and that it takes a direction coincides with a lowering of that tension that is, with a prevention of unpleasure or a creation of pleasure (Chaudhuri, 1993). Moore (1992) stated that the Psychodynamic theorists use the term unconscious as a noun with a capital U, to refer to, for lack of a better term, the id-a cauldron full of seething excitations, as Freud expressed it. Because semantic activation without conscious awareness can be demonstrated, some observers have jumped to the conclusion that subliminal stimulation provides relatively direct access to the ID. This paper proposes that elements of the tobacco industry, having long recognised the power of sexuality in advertising, have now tapped into the lure of Freuds counterpoint to Eros the death instinct, or Thanatos. Whether this happens consciously or unconsciously is of little consequence since the culture from which such advertising derives may be impaired in its capacity to be life-affirming and thus finds violation to be a source of entertainment. The issue therefore opens into questions of wider cultural psychopathology ranging from tobacco addiction to consumer addiction and the world ecological crisis. Psychological and spiritual mechanisms by which violative advertising might trigger deep necrophilic and sexually abusive motivations are discussed, as are the implications for therapeutic work at both individual and cultural levels, in political leadership and for health education. These include the need to sensitise people to the significance of violative imagery in advertisin g and its role in psychospiritual exploitation. (McIntosh, 1996) EGO Venger (2008) compared cigarette advertising across several cultures by using the technique of text analysis. His study examined the message stratagems and the ideological viewpoints in cigarette advertising in American and Ukrainian magazines within the framework of their different authoritarian environments. Venger (2008) wanted to gauge whether or not the two nations differed in their use of creativity in terms of ID, Ego and Superego. He also gauged their level of obedience to regulations. His objective was to show how cigarette advertisements attempt to bond with consumers by portraying culturally appropriate messages that strengthen the ideology, all within a greatly examined regulatory environment. The messages across the two nations differed in their use of creativity appeals to ego, social needs, and sensory pleasure and also their obedience to regulation. He first compared the two nations from economic, cultural, and regulatory viewpoints and then analyzed the strategies of cigarette advertising in Ukraine and the United States. According to Epstein (1994), Freuds psychodynamic theory stated that we are not in control of our own minds. A person can only think rationally when the unconscious turns to conscious level done through psychoanalysis. He regarded Ego (conscious thinking) as the tip of an iceberg. All our mental activity is operated by the Ego. Thus, several advertising agencies pay millions of dollars for cigarette advertisements which appeal to the Ego of a person. Epstein (1994) stated that in cigarette ads the visual appeal of the messages will overcome the verbal message of the surgeon who says smoking can endanger ones life an appeal aimed at the rational system. Epstein (1994) tested whether or not a surgeons message in a pictorial graphic form would leave an impact on consumers. Sigmund Freud (1954) made a great contribution to Psychoanalysis with his concept of the super ego which was referenced as primitive and unconscious aggregate of values and psychoanalysis in form by contemporary authors. Still, he is often credited with having revealed the irrational content of consumer psychology and thus undermined traditional ideas of human rationality as it relates to ethnic groups. Therefore, psychoanalysis also questions traditional ideas of irrationality. It shows that human tastes, preferences and other apparently irrational psychological consumers marketing decisions have a meaning and it is rational. Even though, most theorists argue that there is continuity between rationality and irrationality. Freud (1954) portrays the human being as a creature dominated by unconscious instincts, by infantile desires and primitive drives. He shows how consciousness and rationality is only one, relatively minor, facet of our psychology. He demonstrates how even the most apparently rational and conscious activities and experiences are influenced by unconscious wishes and fantasies, which operate in ways which do not apply to the principles of reason and logic. The reasons that we believe we have for our thoughts and actions are revealed as mere rationalizations, which cloak and deny their real, unconscious motives. As a result of existing controversy between Freudian theories and other recent theorists in the field of Psychoanalytic theories, we might not be able to reach satisfactory marketing applications to effective consumption. At best, we will have a fulfillment and understanding of rational buying behavior and similarity of consumption among ethnic groups (U. Elimimian, 2007). Psychoanalytic psychology also depicts impulse control as socially necessary. Freud (1911/1956) claims that human civilization is based on individuals development of internalized impulse controls. He interprets impulses as products of two competing forces: The pleasure principle and the reality principle. The pleasure principle encourages immediate gratification but is compromised insofar as a person responds to the reality principles tendency toward rational deliberation. These two forces often compete, because impulses encourage action without careful consideration about the objective environment, and with little or no regard for potential realistic consequences. If an individual lacks sufficient impulse control, it represents a defect of repression that may lead to severe psychosocial problems. Impulses may be difficult to resist because they often involve anticipated pleasurable experiences. The reality principle ultimately pursues personal gratification; the crucial difference i s that the reality principles orientation is more long-term and goal-oriented, which tends to encourage delayed over immediate gratification. In human development, the transition in dominance from the pleasure principle to reality principle is one of the most important advances in the development of the ego (Freud 1920/1949). (Rook, 1987) In his book, The Interpretation of Dreams (1), Freud suggests that vivid imagery arises as a result of regression. He considered imagistic thought to be part of the primitive aggregation of behaviors characteristic of the preverbal life of the child. As one aspect of the lack of rationality found in the childs thought, Freud postulated an inability to distinguish between internally and externally originated perceptions. Stated in terms of his three part system, ego, super-ego, and id, the perception of vivid imagery is an activity related to the processes of a weakened ego. It was Freuds view that whenever regression occurred it was disruptive and damaging in its influence on the efficient operation of the ego. Topographically ego regression (primitivization of ego functions) occurs not only when the ego is weak-in sleep, in falling asleep, in fantasy, in intoxication, and in the psychoses-but also during many types of creative processes. This suggested to me years ago that the ego may use the primary process, and not be only overwhelmed by it. The general assumption is that under certain conditions the ego regulates regression, and that the integrative functions of the ego include voluntary and temporary withdrawal of cathex is from one area or another to regain improved control. (Bergan, 1965) SUPEREGO Sigmund Freud (1954) made a great contribution to Psychoanalysis with his concept of the super ego which was referenced as primitive and unconscious aggregate of values and psychoanalysis in form by contemporary authors. Still, he is often credited with having revealed the irrational content of consumer psychology and thus undermined traditional ideas of human rationality as it relates to ethnic groups. Therefore, psychoanalysis also questions traditional ideas of irrationality. It shows that human tastes, preferences and other apparently irrational psychological consumers marketing decisions have a meaning and it is rational. Even though, most theorists argue that there is continuity between rationality and irrationality. Freud (1954) portrays the human being as a creature dominated by unconscious instincts, by infantile desires and primitive drives. He shows how consciousness and rationality is only one, relatively minor, facet of our psychology. He demonstrates how even the most apparently rational and conscious activities and experiences are influenced by unconscious wishes and fantasies, which operate in ways which do not apply to the principles of reason and logic. The reasons that we believe we have for our thoughts and actions are revealed as mere rationalizations, which cloak and deny their real, unconscious motives. As a result of existing controversy between Freudian theories and other recent theorists in the field of Psychoanalytic theories, we might not be able to reach satisfactory marketing applications to effective consumption. At best, we will have a fulfillment and understanding of rational buying behavior and similarity of consumption among ethnic groups. (U. Elimimian, 2007) The superego incorporates the values and morals of society which are learnt from ones parents and others. It develops around the age of 4 5 during the phallic stage of psychosexual development. The superegos function is to control the ids impulses, especially those which society forbids, such as sex and aggression. It also has the function of persuading the ego to turn to moralistic goals rather than simply realistic ones and to strive for perfection. The superego consists of two systems: The conscience and the ideal self. The conscience can punish the ego through causing feelings of guilt. For example, if the ego gives in to id demands, the superego may make the person feel bad though guilt. The ideal self (or ego-ideal) is an imaginary picture of how you ought to be, and represents career aspirations, how to treat other people, and how to behaviour as a member of society. Behaviour which falls short of the ideal self may be punished by the superego through guilt. The super-ego can also reward us through the ideal self when we behave properly by making us feel proud. If a persons ideal self is too high a standard, then whatever the person does will represent failure. The ideal self and conscience are largely determined in childhood from parental values and you were brought up. (Mcleod, 2008) Dr. Dichter claims that practically all of it is hit-or-miss stuff, and that he is the first to apply to advertising really scientific psychology. That includes psychoanalysis-probing into the subconscious. Dr. Dichter scoffs at advertising which tries to reason with potential customers, to scare them or lecture them on their shortcomings. He believes in tapping hidden desires and urges. This examination explores advertisings effects on the individual through the critical lenses of ideology and psychoanalysis, concluding that although ideology is a relevant methodology, it remains incomplete. Psychoanalytic theory, on the other hand, provides multiple avenues of interpreting how advertising addresses both the conscious and the unconscious mind, and offers a potential methodology for personal resistance and social change. To this point, I have demonstrated only that dream-theory can offer an interpretation of an advertising text. Now I must come to the crux of my exploration: Is there any meaningful association between this dream-informed reading and the way the advertisement appeals to its audience or even its effectiveness at inducing purchase? Remember that Freud in Interpretation of Dreams stated .Every dream reveals itself as a psychical structure which has a meaning and which can be inserted at an assignable point in the mental activities of waking life. Can fantasy-based advertising operate like dream, and be inserted at an assignable point in the mental activities of waking life? (Bellinson, 2006) The relations of superego and ego ideal to id and ego, so crucial in this context for the development of our sense of justice and of its emanations in moral (justness) judgments and law, are highly complex and, though probably holding the clue to final answers, still controversial in the detail of the history of the individual. We may begin with the pleasure principle which, ruling the subconscious Id, makes us aim for pleasure in a shifting and still obscure response to both Eros, the Life Instinct, and Thanatos, the Death Drive. (EHRENZWEI, 1965) TRIPLE APPEAL Penn (2008) stated that Cognitive scientists acknowledged the significance of unconscious mechanisms, particularly in the area of recall, but the role of sentiment was never seen as particularly significant. Thus, in much 20th century advertising theory, emotion was something of an afterthought; a means of facilitating consideration to communication (because we will probably pay more attention to advertising that we like). He suggested that thinking and feeling are not separate from the brain, but neutrally personified in it. Our feelings, reasoning, conscious and unconscious thoughts are surrounded by our emotions and bodily reactions. TamaÃ…Å ¸ and DumitraÃ…Å ¸cu (2009) studied the different characteristics that differentiate conscious from unconscious perception which influence our reactions to stimuli. The messages in advertisements constantly tell us that one product is better than the rest. Our minds capture the message and goes with it. Another technique used by the advertisers is sexual arousal. Advertisers know that sexual desire is the most influential of human desires. They embed sexual appeals in their advertising messages, by means of pictures, sounds and terms. These messages are not obvious. These embedded messages are hidden, so they appear ordinary. It is only our unconscious mind that is proficient of identifying and accumulating these messages where they lie hidden, un-criticized, not judged and unknown to the individual until the time of purchase, when decision is made. The hidden and buried information then floats up and is moved to the conscious mind, which operates upon it. For example , if one is thirsty, the unconscious mind straight away chooses the type of drink the person has to take, depending on the messages implanted previously from the advertisements. No reasoning or logic is used, because the ID (unconscious mind) is not capable of this. All this helps in moulding the attitudes of people, then their thoughts, and lastly their actions. This study underscores the complementary roles of the cognitive (perceptive) and psychodynamic (projective) approaches to the study of responses to advertisements. Effectiveness reflected influences of ads on subjective responses such as liking and fantasy, as well as on judgments of an ads quality and intention to buy the product. This study compared cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives on responses to simple and complex advertisements for perfume and liquor products. (Cupchik, Leonard and Irvine-Kopteski, 1998) This dissertation examines the representations of youth identity in print advertisements found in Y Magazine and SL Magazine. The researcher uses Critical Discourse Analysis to analyse the identities that are constructed in four fashion brands. The print advertisements are also interpreted by young people from Grade 11 classes in two Johannesburg high schools. Learners completed survey questionnaires and participated in focus group discussions. My interpretation of the advertisements reveals three over sexualized identities in the Soviet, Guess and Diesel advertisements. The learners responses are varied; some identify with the brands and accept the subject positions that are offered by the advertisements and others critique the sexuality that pervades the majority of the advertisements. Learners interpretations also reflect different reading positions, as well as unclear gendered target audiences. I conclude that media representations provide a range of powerful resources, which you ng people draw on in constructing their identities. (Clifford, 2006) One of the now-conventional accounts for why we exclude sex from the public sphere is attributable to Sigmund Freud, who maintained that repression of the libido is essential to civiliza-tion.182 In Freudian theory, everyones first love object is his or her opposite-sex parent, and both development of the personality and maintenance of the family require repression of these incestu-ous desires.183 From a societal standpoint, Freud thought the repression of sexual drives necessary to redirect human energy into more socially productive endeavors. Absent repression, the theory goes, we would be even more obsessed with sex than we already are, and no one would bother making the trains run on time.84 Freud also considered sexual repression essential to social bonding. But one need only open ones eyes to see the extent to which a pornographic conception of sex, obsessed with the erotics of transgressing taboos, dominates our culture. Pornographic maga-zines and videos do a thriving busines s. Even in more mainstream culture, sexual taboos and their transgression sell everything from movies to magazines to records to clothes to television shows to perfume. We are obsessed with those who dare to approach, play with, and transgress the rules: Calvin Klein advertisements, Madonna videos, Prince songs, NYPD Blue, Cosmopolitan advice columns on adding spice to your sexual life, and daytime talk shows featuring those who have broken the rules and lived to tell their story on national television. (Cole, 1994) The unconscious mind contains our biologically based instincts (eros and thanatos) for the primitive urges for sex and aggression. While we are fully aware of what is going on in the conscious mind, we have no idea of what information is stored in the unconscious mind. The unconscious contains all sorts of significant and disturbing material which we need to keep out of awareness because they are too threatening to acknowledge fully. So, the unconscious is not like a dustbin containing unimportant or irrelevant thoughts. Rather, it is precisely because they are so powerful that they are kept buried. Nevertheless, they exert a significant influence (Mcleod, 2009). The subconscious contains thoughts and feelings that a person is not currently aware of, but which can easily be brought to consciousness. It exists just below the level of consciousness before the unconscious mind. This is what we mean in our everyday usage of the word available memory. For example, you are presently not thinking about your mobile telephone number, but now it is mentioned you can recall it with ease. Mild emotional experiences may be in the subconscious but sometimes traumatic and powerful negative emotions are repressed and hence not available in the subconscious. Our feelings, motives and decisions are actually powerfully influenced by our past experiences, stored in the subconscious and instincts from the unconscious. Freud applied these three systems to his structure of the personality, or psyche the id, ego and superego. Here the id is regarded as entirely unconscious whilst the ego and superego have conscious, preconscious, and unconscious aspect. Freud also regarded the mind to be like an iceberg, where the greates

Guillivers Travels :: Essays Papers

Guillivers Travels Satire in Lilliput In Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels, Swift uses satire to tell a tale of Lemuel Gulliver going on voyages in strange lands and meeting a variety of different characters. Jonathan Swift’s was one of the greatest satirists of his and our time. In the first book of Gulliver’s Travels millions of young schoolchildren have grown to love this famous story and never recognize the satire hidden in the story. In his first Book he uses satire to demonstrate English politics by using the citizens of Lilliput. Gulliver’s first adventure takes place in Lilliput. Gulliver gets shipwrecked and finds himself tied down by a considerable number of little people called Lilliputians. The Lilliputians stood only six inches high. During this time Swift recognized that England was also small in stature but was dominant force and had a great influence in Europe. England, despite its small size, had the potential to defeat any nation that might try to conquer them. Swift relates this situation with the Lilliputians. They only stood six inches tall but had the power to take on the, â€Å"Man-Mountain†, Gulliver. The ability of the Lilliputians to capture someone ten times their size can be seen as reinforcing their strength as a small nation, such as England. Thus becoming and remaining a great and powerful country. Swift’s personal life surfaced when Queen Anne represented the Lilliputian Empress. She was responsible for blocking Swift’s advancement in the Church of England because she was offended by his writing. Swift in Gulliver Travels had Gulliver urinate on the Empress’ room when it caught on fire. Gulliver’s urination on the palace offended the Lilliputians and thought that they where insignificant. Even though Gulliver’s urination intends to prevent a disaster, it also gives Gulliver the ability to control the Lilliputians in any way he likes. Swift uses this sequence of problems to show a personal issue in his life. Swift’s urination scene parody’s his own life giving him a satire within a satire. By pointing this out in the story, he mocks his critics. Swift further illustrates satire by comparing English government to Lilliput. In the early eighteenth century, the English government was under the Whig’s political party. Swift represented himself as Gulliver as being a Tory, and the Lilliputians as being power-hungry Whigs. Their heels of their shoes identified these parties.

Oral history essay

The Vietnam War effected the whole world in many ways. But when talking about wars in class only give you one perspective which is the big picture. But what about the small picture? The effect the war had on individuals and their families. Sometimes hearing the story from someone who was in the war can give you a better understanding about the conditions they faced. For this oral history paper interviewed my uncle Steven Mangled who was an engineer sergeant in the Vietnam War.During this time before the draft was abolished n 1 973, many troops were selected for service through the drafts but those who didn't want to go to war would sometimes flee to Canada or other places. 25 percent of the troops that served in this war were draftees. These people were called â€Å"draft dodgers. † My uncle didn't want to be one of these people and wanted to do his duty as an American citizen so he joined the army in the 1 ass's after graduating college. He went through NCO school, which is a course to becoming a non-commissioned officer.He then went through his training to become a sergeant and entered the U. S Army Corps of Engineers. Shortly after, around 1 970, he was sent to Vietnam. His mission there was to support an artillery unit that was stationed on the border of North and South Vietnam. He built and designed things like helicopter pads, flood protection systems, facilities for the army and many other things. During his stay he also had the opportunity to help build a hospital for the Vietnamese people.One of the things that affected my uncle during the war was the subject of races. At this time period there was a lot of civil rights movements going on. The Vietnam War had a very high percentage of blacks more than any war before it. Blacks made up about 13 percent of the troops that served. Before joining the war my uncle had a lot of prejudices about the different races, but started to think differently after working closely with people from all different r aces and ethnicities. He learned to live with them and became very close to a lot of them.The Vietnam War provided these African Americans and Hispanics their first experiences of white comradeship and really opened peoples eyes to the fact that they weren't all that different. Of course there was bound to be occasional racial tension but they tried to keep this tension from affecting the performance of the troops. My uncle started to gain respect for Hispanics in the war. He said that they were the hardest workers and had a great work ethic. His visions of the races totally changed.Another thing that really affected my uncle was when he was building the hospital for the Vietnamese. The hospitals in the Vietnam War were different from any other war. There wasn't a very good road system through Vietnam so transportation was very hard so most of the hospitals were semi-permanent. Before the hospital was completed they started treating patients. The patients were of all ages, from chil dren to elderly. Since he roads weren't very good the helicopter was a great help in getting patients to the hospitals and saved many lives.My uncle described the injuries as brutal and a lot of times fatal. Seeing all of the wounded really got to him. He expected to see some injuries but figured that because he was an engineer that he wouldn't be too close to a lot of them. He had time to talk to a lot of the Vietnamese, and was shocked at the fear that they lived in. Men his age had been living in war zones all their lives and grew up in very bad poverty. This made him appreciate where he comes from. He realized how lucky he as to have grown up not scared about having his home raided or burned down or his family torn apart.The American dream was a real thing and he was glad to be living it back at home. We read about wars all the time but almost always just look at the big picture. You hear about mass causalities and death rates. Talking to my uncle made me see the effects of war on a smaller scale. I now better understand how people felt while at war and the things they Saw. Know that he is very proud Of his service in the war, and I am too. If it weren't for the brave men and women who fought for our country we wouldn't have the freedom we have now.

Problem identification and formulation styles in Walmarts organization

Problem identification and formulation styles in Walmarts organization In the current work environment, it is of essence for leaders of organizations to apply various problem identification and formulation styles as they assist in quick and efficient solving of problems in organizations. At Walmarts organization, the management practices four different decision making styles.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Problem identification and formulation styles in Walmarts organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First, is collective participative decision making style in which the manager collects all the relevant information needed and other viewpoints from the members of the company; however, he or she maintains the control of the decision to be made and is responsible for the final course of action taken (Verma, 2009). The advantage of this decision making style is that there is a sense of involvement which can cushion against potential negative impacts and this strategy also enables th e manager to be well informed before making a decision. Further, the most favorable aspect of the collective participative decision style is that it can be used to identity and solve the new reality that is currently facing Walmarts organization: its clients need more than just the lowest price. Thus, the strategy can be used to improve the organization’s services to its clients. Nonetheless, a major weakness of this decision making style is that it can be slow and time intensive process, especially when the organization is large. Second, is the autocratic decision making style in which the manager is held accountable for the final course taken and his or her own inclinations and knowledge are used to make the final decision (Lussier, 2008). In this case, the manager does not seek for viewpoints from the members of the organization since the responsibility is wholly endowed upon him or her. A major strength of this style is that it is important in emergencies since it is a qu ick way of reaching at conclusions. On the other hand, its major weakness is that the members are not incorporated and they can be offended by the choice made if they are negatively impacted; consequently, this can make the manager to lose support and credibility. A problem that can be identified and described using this style is a situation in which a manager at Walmart decides to give back a client his money after complaining bitterly about a product he bought at the store. Third, is the democratic decision making style in which the manager transfers the responsibility of making a decision to the group and votes are cast to determine the course of action to be taken judging from the choice with the highest votes. The main advantage of this style is that the decision is made fast and all the members are included in the process. However, there may be no responsibility taken for the course of action preferred since the manager is not accountable and the members can claim that they di d not support the choice made. Nonetheless, this style can be useful in describing a decision taken to introduce Walmart’s new advertising motto, â€Å"Save Money Live Better,† to replace the previous motto.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lastly, consensus decision making style incorporates the participation of every member of the organization and the manager is no longer responsible for the course of action taken and its impacts since he or she transfers control to the members of the group. In favor of this style is that it allows for group dedication, team spirit, and varied ideas to be shared that increases the chances of a good decision to be made. A major inhibitory factor here is that the vast amount of information collected and input involved may make the process to be tiresome and time consuming. A problem that can be addressed favorably by t his style is a situation in which some employees at Walmart are to be moved to one of its new stores in a low-income area. Reference List Lussier, R. N. (2008). Management fundamentals: concepts, applications, skill  development. Mason, OH : South-Western/Cengage Learning. Verma, D. (2009). Decision-making style: social and creative dimension. New Delhi: Global India Publications.

How Insects Fly

How Insects Fly Insect flight remained something of a mystery to scientists until recently. The small size of insects, coupled with their high wing-beat frequency, made it nearly impossible for scientists to observe the mechanics of flight. The invention of high-speed film allowed scientists to record insects in flight, and watch their movements at super slow speeds. Such technology captures the action in millisecond snapshots, with film speeds of up to 22,000 frames per second. So what have we learned about how insects fly, thanks to this new technology? We now know that insect flight involves one of two possible modes of action: a direct flight mechanism, or an indirect flight mechanism. Insect Flight Through a Direct Flight Mechanism Some insects achieve flight through a direct action of a muscle on each wing. One set of flight muscles attaches just inside the base of the wing, and the other set attaches slightly outside the wing base. When the first set of flight muscles contracts, the wing moves upward. The second set of flight muscles produces the downward stroke of the wing. The two sets of flight muscles work in tandem, alternating contractions to move the wings up and down, up and down. Generally, the more primitive insects like dragonflies and roaches use this direct action to fly. Insect Flight Through an Indirect Flight Mechanism In the majority of insects, flying is a bit more complex. Instead of moving the wings directly, the flight muscles distort the shape of the thorax, which, in turn, causes the wings to move. When muscles attached to the dorsal surface of the thorax contract, they pull down on the tergum. As the tergum moves, it draws the wing bases down, and the wings, in turn, lift up. Another set of muscles, which runs horizontally from the front to the back of the thorax, then contract. The thorax again changes shape, the tergum rises, and the wings are drawn down. This flight method requires less energy than the direct action mechanism, as the elasticity of the thorax returns it to its natural shape when the muscles relax. Insect Wing Movement In most insects, the forewings and hindwings work in tandem. During flight, the front and rear wings remain locked together, and both move up and down at the same time. In some insect orders, most notably the Odonata, the wings move independently during flight. As the forewing lifts, the hindwing lowers. Insect flight requires more than a simple up and down motion of the wings. The wings also move forward and back, and rotate so the leading or trailing edge of the wing is pitched up or down. These complex movements help the insect achieve lift, reduce drag, and perform acrobatic maneuvers.

Theoretical dimensions involving criminal behavior Research Paper

Theoretical dimensions involving criminal behavior - Research Paper Example Cultural norms are actions and practices that are well-accepted in society, while deviant actions are those that are not acceptable. All forms of crime are considered deviant. It is not acceptable for a person to break into the house of someone else and take everything. It is not acceptable for a person to randomly kill another person. Thus, deviants, most especially, criminals, need to be punished in order for them to be accepted again into society. Theories on Criminal Behavior One of the sociological theories that were applied to criminal behavior was Durkheim’s concept of anomie. Anomie is the mismatch between a person’s (or a group’s) beliefs and that of the majority. When a feeling of anomie exists, then the two groups can not exist in the presence of the other. One has to give way, usually, the smaller group adapting the norms of the larger group. When the smaller group decides to continue going against the norms, then conflict would occur. The concept of anomie was used by Robert King Merton and other sociologists to develop what they refer to as the Strain Theory. The strain theory states that social structures and norms within society may pressure citizens to commit crime. It follows Durkheim’s study of anomie and suicide. He believed that a person commits suicide due to a feeling of insignificance and alienation. Merton used Durkheim’s views to further explain deviance and criminal behavior. ... et of social relationships in which members of the society or group are variously implicated." Anomie, the state of normlessness, arises when there is "an acute disjunction between the cultural norms and goals and the socially structured capacities of members of the group to act in accord with them." (Merton, 1968) Merton then links all the three concepts and believes that discontinuities between culture and structure cause deviance. Source: Wikipedia.org If Merton’s theory would be applied to the social context at present, an example we can use is the common belief that crimes increase in times of economic crisis. People have certain cultural practices, and these practices are supported by the structure (government and economy). Once the structure breaks down, like in an economic crisis, the people would have to adjust their practices. Those who cannot adjust to the new structure, or those who does not want to adjust, tend to do crimes. It’s like a person who steals mo ney from the bank so that he or she can buy food and other basic needs. Robert Agnew further explained Merton’s theory, believing that a theory should not be tied to social class or culture. He popularized the general strain theory, which focused more on an individual’s immediate social environment. He argued that an individual's actual or anticipated failure to achieve positively valued goals, actual or anticipated removal of positively valued behavior, and actual or anticipated presentation of negative behavior all result in strain. For example, if an individual fails to get the kind of attention that he or she expects from others, then that would cause that individual to feel bad about other people. These situations are more common among children, and if this kind of feeling builds up, then

Why are Relationships Difficult - English composition Essay

Why are Relationships Difficult - English composition - Essay Example It was argued that men and women are different biologically (or naturally), and it is inherent in them, so to speak, to be different from one another, therefore, it is all but natural for their relationships with each other to have so many problems and/or difficulties. However, with the women liberation movement came the idea that it was not biology but social conditioning that caused men and women to behave and think so differently in any given scenario Now the question arises: which of these theories is valid? Are men and women really different from one another because society demands them to be so, or is it because the differences in them are a manifestation of their in-built differences? Many studies have been conducted in this regard by the scientific community, with the result that, indeed, men and women are geared differently naturally (both mentally and physically, of course) as well as through social conditioning. There is much that has already been said about the role of society in setting certain molds for the sexes, and then expecting men and women to fall in line. Such molds are often quite sexist and detrimental to understanding and mutual respect amongst the sexes. Although the media has perpetuated sexist attitudes, with the woman being only a comforter of man, whether as a wife or mistress, it would be unfair to lay the blame on them, as it is society itself that is reflected through the media. It would be wrong for the society to blame the media for projecting ideas that the society itself holds. However, the social conditioning only fosters the human brain which is geared to be masculine or feminine from the birth of a child. There are quite a number of differences between the brains of the two sexes which causes them to develop differently at first and then later on to behave differently. These differences, scientists argue, were the result of evolution and the different roles these two sexes had to perform.